This literature review explores the intricate relationship between hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD), examining their pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management strategies. Hypertension, defined by elevated blood pressure, is identified as a significant contributor to CKD. The review elucidates the complex mechanisms involving the sympathetic nervous system, vasomotor center, and hormonal pathways, contributing to heightened cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risks. Risk factors for hypertension are delineated into modifiable and non-modifiable categories, with lifestyle choices like smoking, obesity, and dietary patterns playing crucial roles. Clinical symptoms of hypertension, such as headaches, blurred vision, and renal complications, often manifest after prolonged elevated blood pressure. The diagnostic process involves standardized blood pressure measurements and comprehensive examinations to identify potential complications. In the context of CKD, hypertension emerges as both a cause and consequence, highlighting a bidirectional relationship. Management strategies encompass non-pharmacological interventions, including dietary sodium reduction and weight loss, as well as pharmacological approaches like diuretics and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Positive outcomes are observed with multidisciplinary care and community involvement, particularly in achieving blood pressure goals. The review explores complications associated with hypertension, underscoring its major role as a risk factor for heart disease, stroke, vision impairment, and kidney disease. CKD, characterized by structural or functional kidney abnormalities lasting over three months, has a diverse etiology involving factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. In conclusion, this review consolidates current knowledge on hypertension and CKD, providing a holistic understanding of their interconnectedness and offering insights into their clinical management.

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