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Analyzing Values from Bob Ong’s Novels through Moral Criticism: A Basis for Learning Material Development
Open AccessJournal Type: Research ArticleSubject: EducationSubject Field: Linguistics and EducationVolume:195, Issue: 1, April, 2026Publish Date: 21 April 2026

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Pages: 542-555

Abstract

This study examines the Filipino values reflected in Bob Ong's novels Alamat ng Gubat, Kapitan Sino, ABNKKBSNPLAko?!, and Bakit Baliktad Magbasa ng Libro ang mga Pilipino? through moral criticism and explores teachers' perceptions of declining values among students and the use of these novels in values integration. Using a qualitative design, the researchers analyzed selected passages from the novels and interview responses from secondary public school teachers in Laguna who graduated with a Bachelor of Secondary Education major in English and teach values education. The findings show that teachers perceive respect, responsibility, honesty, empathy, discipline, and value of education as gradually declining among

students. The literary analysis, meanwhile, revealed values such as adaptability, acceptance, altruism, camaraderie, care and compassion, debt of gratitude, friendship, generosity, heroism, honesty, love and emotional bonds, resilience, respect, responsibility, self-improvement, sense of shame, value of education, and wisdom. The respondents also viewed Bob Ong's novels as relatable, culturally grounded, and suitable for higher grade levels because they present moral lessons in an engaging and humorous way. The study recommends the development of learner-centered instructional materials such as workbooks, modules, interactive activities, and audiovisual resources that can help integrate Filipino values into English instruction.

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