Teacher Efficacy as a Mediator Between Concerns About Inclusive Education and Parental Involvement in Addressing Knowledge Application Difficulties Among Learners in Mainstream Education
Abstract
Low parental involvement persists. This study examined the mediating role of general education teacher self-efficacy in the relationship between concerns about inclusive education and parental involvement. Using a predictive design with 150 general education teachers selected through stratified random sampling and were analyzed using mediation analysis. The study found a significant partial mediation effect of teacher self-efficacy on the relationship between concerns about inclusive education and parental involvement, supporting the Bandura Social Cognitive Theory. Other variables may explain the remaining 33.7% variance influencing parental involvement. School leaders and policymakers may strengthen teacher self-efficacy and school–family partnership programs to enhance parent engagement in inclusive education.