Capital structure optimization has become increasingly complex for multinational corporations operating within highly interconnected global financial systems shaped by currency volatility, geopolitical fragmentation, regulatory divergence, technological transformation, and rapidly changing capital-market conditions. While traditional corporate finance models often emphasize debt-equity balancing primarily through cost-of-capital efficiency, modern multinational enterprises must simultaneously manage sovereign exposure, liquidity fragmentation, taxation complexity, cross-border financing constraints, operational resilience, and strategic adaptability across multiple jurisdictions. This study develops a multidimensional framework for capital structure optimization within multinational corporations by examining how organizations integrate financing strategy, global liquidity management, currency coordination, regulatory adaptation, and market-risk resilience into long-term financial architecture. The article explores leverage optimization, international debt allocation, tax-efficient financing structures, multinational treasury systems, geopolitical financing exposure, sovereign-risk management, and the role of artificial intelligence in adaptive capital-allocation decision-making. Particular emphasis is placed on the interaction between financial efficiency and organizational resilience in uncertain global markets. The study further analyzes how modern multinational enterprises increasingly shift from static leverage optimization models toward dynamic capital structures capable of adapting continuously to evolving macroeconomic, geopolitical, and regulatory conditions. Rather than interpreting capital structure solely as a balance-sheet configuration problem, the article conceptualizes multinational financing strategy as a continuously adaptive coordination system integrating finance, governance, operational flexibility, and global risk management. Ultimately, the study proposes a strategic framework for sustainable capital structure optimization designed to improve long-term financial resilience, financing flexibility, and enterprise value creation within increasingly volatile international financial environments.