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Comparison of antihypertensive therapy on the outcomes of Covid-19 patients : Literature review
Open AccessJournal Type: Review ArticleSubject: Medicine, Health & FoodSubject Field: Cardiology and Cardiovascular ResearchVolume:184, Issue: 1, November, 2025Publish Date: 1 January 2026

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Pages: 1-6

Abstract

COVID-19 which caused atypical pneumonia outbreaks are caused by coronavirus, which WHO later named this virus as SARS-CoV-2. The severity of COVID-19 patients is associated with the comorbidities. The comorbidity that most often accompanies COVID-19 in Indonesia is hypertension, namely around 50.3%. Hypertension can increase the risk of death by 4.53 times and clearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is more likely to be delayed. Currently, the effect of antihypertensive drugs on COVID-19 patients is still being debated. This review aims to determine the correlation between the use of antihypertensive drugs and the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients. There are differences in the results between each antihypertensive agent on the outcomes of Covid-19 patients. Beta-blocker have the potential to reduce SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors by downregulating ACE-2 and have protective mechanisms including the reduction anti-inflammatory cytokine. Meanwhile, the using RAAS inhibitors, there are pros and cons regarding this. There is a potential possibility of increasing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection because can increase the regulation of ACE-2. However, ACE-2 may protect against more severe complications of COVID-19 infection by limiting the effects of angiotensin II on the heart and blood vessels. As for CCB could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication. Whereas diuretic has not yet been proven because only a few samples of the use of thiazide therapy are available.

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